The textbook is targeted to graduate students in science and engineering fields who want to learn and apply advanced materials characterization methods. It can also be used as a textbook in advanced elective course for undergraduate students. Assuming only basic knowledge of general chemistry (electronic orbitals, organic functional groups), physics (electromagnetic waves, Maxwell equations), physical chemistry (Schrödinger equation, harmonic oscillator), mathematics (wave equations, covariance matrix), the books helps readers to understand the underlying principles of the characterization techniques that are covered and to apply this knowledge to real-life problems.